WE ARE MASSACHUSETTS physicians and nurses from across the spectrum of our professions. We serve patients rich and poor, in hospitals and clinics, private offices and health maintenance organizations (HMOs), public agencies, community settings, and academia. Mounting shadows darken our calling and threaten to transform healing from a covenant into a business contract. Canons of commerce are displacing dictates of healing, trampling our professions' most sacred values. [1] Market medicine treats patients as profit centers. The time we are allowed to spend with the sick shrinks under the pressure to increase throughput, as though we were dealing with industrial commodities rather than afflicted human beings in need of compassion and caring. The right to choose and change one's physician, the foundation of patient autonomy and a central tenet of American medicine, is rapidly eroding.
Physicians and nurses are being prodded by threats and bribes to abdicate allegiance to patients, and to shun the sickest, who may be unprofitable. Some of us risk being fired or "delisted" for giving, or even discussing, expensive services, and many are offered bonuses for minimizing care. Listening, learning, and caring give way to deal-making, managing, and marketing. The primacy of the patient yields to a perverse accountability-to investors, to bureaucrats, to insurers, and to employers. And patients worry that their physician's judgment and advice are guided by the corporate bottom line.
Public resources of enormous worth-nonprofit hospitals, visiting nurse agencies, even hospices-built over decades by taxes, charity, and devoted volunteers are being taken over by companies responsive to Wall Street and indifferent to Main Street. Communities find vital services closed by remote executives; savings are committed not to more pressing health needs, but to shareholders' profits. Not-for-profit institutions, forced to compete, must also curtail unprofitable activities like research, teaching, and charity or face bankruptcy. Hospital chains' profits reach $100 per patient per day [2]; a single HMO president nets $990 million in a takeover deal [3]; and insurers' overhead consumes $46 billion annually. [4]
At the same time, the ranks of the uninsured continue to grow, while safety-net public hospitals and clinics shrink and public health programs erode. Even many with insurance find coverage deficient when they need it most; care or payment are too often denied for emergencies or expensive illnesses. The sick are denied skilled nursing care, rushed out of hospital beds, and hurried through office visits. Increasingly, patient comfort and the special needs of the elderly, infirm, or disabled are ignored if they conflict with the calculus of profit.
The shift to profit-driven care is at a gallop. For nurses and physicians, the space for good work in a bad system rapidly narrows. For the public, who are mostly healthy and use little care, awareness of the degradation of medicine builds slowly; it is mainly those who are expensively ill who encounter the dark side of market-driven health care.
We criticize market medicine not to obscure or excuse the failings of the past, but to warn that the changes afoot push nursing and medicine farther from caring, fairness, and efficiency. We differ on many aspects of reform, but on the following we find common ground:
1. Medicine and nursing must not be diverted from their primary tasks: the relief of suffering, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health. The efficient deployment of resources is critical, but must not detract from these goals.
2. Pursuit of corporate profit and personal fortune have no place in caregiving.
3. Potent financial incentives that reward overcare or undercare weaken patient-physician and patient-nurse bonds and should be prohibited. Similarly, business arrangements that allow corporations and employers to control the care of patients should be proscribed.
4. A patient's right to a physician of choice must not be curtailed.
5. Access to health care must be the right of all.
Before the values we cherish are irretrievably lost, we invite members of the health professions and the public to join in a dialogue on health care's future. The headlong rush to profit-driven care has occurred without the assent of patients or practitioners, through a process largely hidden from public scrutiny and above citizen participation. This must be replaced by an open and inclusive process that is not dominated by the loudest voices-those amplified by money and political influence.
America's history is replete with examples of powerful social movements kindled by initially unimposing moral voices: in the 18th century the Boston Tea Party; in the 19th century, abolitionism; and in the 20th century, appeals for civil rights and nuclear disarmament. Only a comparable public outcry can reclaim medicine. We believe that our professions' voices can gain extraordinary resonance when we speak selflessly in patients' interests. From Massachusetts we pledge the following initial steps:
1. We have petitioned our governor, legislature, and attorney general for a moratorium on for-profit takeovers of hospitals, insurance plans, HMOs, physicians' practices, and other health care institutions. We expect public officials to oppose such takeovers and not to abrogate their duty to safeguard indispensable community resources. We urge colleagues in other states to join in the call for a moratorium, pending the development of comprehensive state and national policies addressing these issues.
2. On the publication date of this Call to Action, physicians and nurses will convene in the historic heart of Boston. This open meeting will call the public's attention to the deterioration of care and caring and initiate a colloquy on a future for health care guided by science and compassion rather than greed. We have invited colleagues across the nation to gather simultaneously at similar meetings.
3. These events will launch an ongoing series of teach-ins and meetings in hospitals, clinics, HMOs, offices, and nursing and medical schools to discuss the health care crisis. We ask that each health institution throughout the nation devote a major conference such as grand rounds to the moral crisis facing our professions. These conferences should review national and local data and draw on each group's clinical experience to assess the impact of the corporate takeover; the fundamental values that are at risk; elements of reform necessary to meet the needs of patients and communities; and strategies to resist and reverse the onrush of for-profit systems. Such discussions must acknowledge the realities of funding as well as caring. Our group is prepared to assist in the preparation of these conferences by offering evidence-based syllabi, slides, and other materials.
4. We invite public endorsement of this Call to Action by additional colleagues and by medical, nursing, and lay groups. The Harvard Medical School Class of 1997, voting at a convocation held on "Internship Match Day," was the first group to offer its formal endorsement.
Our goal is not endorsement of a prespecified program for medical reform. Indeed, we believe that a number of programmatic solutions could provide the humane, comprehensive, and equitable care that our nation deserves. We seek an inclusive and empowering dialogue with patients and the public to formulate a caring vision true to the community roots and samaritan traditions of American medicine and nursing.
The following endorse this Call to Action:
Michael J. Aaronson, MD; Sefik Abdulhayoglu, MD; Kevin Abnet, MD; Yousef Abou-Allaban, MD; Harold Abramowitz, MD; Robert Abrams, MD; Seena Abrams, RN, MS, MBA; John Abramson, MD; Robert H. Ackerman, MD; Douglass Adams; James Adams, MD; Lisa V. Adams, MD; Sarah A. Adams, CFNP; Saul Adams, MD; Susanne J. Adams, RN; Joyce R. Adamson, MD; Ira S. Addes, MD; Steve Adelman, MD; Anthony Adrignolo III, MD; Nadeem A. Afridi, MD; Reto M. Agosti, MD; Blaise Aguirre, MD; Helen E. Ahearn, MS, RNCS; David W. Aikeen, MD; Sheila C. Ainsworth, RN; Maureen Albano, RN; Michael H. Alderman, MD; Robert R. Alexander, MD; Sidney Alexander, MD; Irfana Ali, MD; James S. Allan, MD; Elizabeth M. Allen, RN; Jeanne Allen, RN, FNP; Paul D. Allen, MD; Steven B. Allen, MD; Glenn Allison, MD; Joel J. Alpert, MD; Alan Altman, MD; Henry Altman, MD; Jo Ellen Altschaefl, MD; Amit Anand, MD; John R. Anderson, MD; Philip Anderson, MD; Ron J. Anderson, MD; Theodore Anderson, MD; Costa Andreou, MD; Linda C. Andrist, PhD, WHNP; Phillip Andrus; David A. Ansel, MD; Jack Ansell, MD; Richard C. Antonelli, MD; Roberta J. Apfel, MD; Paul S. Appelbaum, MD; William S. Appleton, MD; Rachel Armel, RN; Mario E. Armentano, MD; Kenneth A. Arndt, MD; Karen Aroian, RN; Mahla Aronson, RN; Natalie Aronson, MD; Alberto Ascherio, MD; Stanley W. Ashley, MD; Kelley A. Assarian, RN; Elisha H. Atkins, MD; Katherine J. Atkinson, MD; Anne-Marie Audet, MD; Lois Audley, RN; Deborah August, MD; Marilyn Augustyn, MD; John Ayers, MD
William R. Bachman, MD; Angela Bader, MD; Alexandru Bageac; Richard Bail, MD; Rekha Bains, MD; Dyane Baker, RNC; Susan Mocsny Baker, RNC; Yasin Balbaky, MD; Heidi S. Nichols Baldacci, RN; Andrew H. Balder, MD; G. Robert Baler, MD; Jerry P. Balikian, MD; Myrna Balk, LICSW; Peter Banks, MD; Sarah S. Bansen, RNC, MSN; Thomas W. Barber, MD; Jane E. Barbiasz, RN; Jacqueline Barillet, MD; Ayelet Barkai, MD; Henrietta N. Barnes, MD; B. A. Barnes, MD; David W. Baron, MD; Madeline Barott, MD; Bruce Barrett, MD; Joseph R. Barrie, MD; Debra Barrier, RN; Michael J. Barry, MD; Patricia P. Barry, MD; Melissa C. Bartick, MD; Rochelle D. Bartlett, RN; Cheryl Bartlett, RN; Jason Barton, MD; James Barzun, MD; Richard M. Basile, MD; Frederick C. Basilico, MD; Robert Basow, MD; Jerome Bass, MD; Davis Mark Battista, MD; John Battista, MD; Mark Bauer, MD; Tad Baum, MD; Edward Q. Bayard, MD; William R. Beardslee, MD; Richard S. Beaser, MD; Pamela Jane Beasley, MD; Corrine Aguilar Beaudin, RN; Mary Ann Beauregard, RN; James C. Beck, MD; Alexandra Beckett, MD; Douglas Beer, MD; Kathleen Beith, MD; Ron Beland, PA; Steele Belok, MD; Cheryl M. Bemis, RN; Bruce L. Bender, MD, MS; Donna M. Benedict, CNM; Joan Bengtson, MD; Evan M. Benjamin, MD; Jonathan A. Benjamin, MD; Mona B. Bennett, MD; Peter Edward Bentivegna, MD; Charles Berde, MD; Robert D. Berezin, MD; Judith Berg Kohn, RN, MS; Ernest W. Bergel, MD; Jeffrey M. Bergelson, MD; Steven T. Bergen, MD; Doris E. Berger, MD; Margaret Bergeron, RN; Alan Berkenwald, MD; Paul Berman, MD; James S. Bernstein, MD; Diane Berry, RN; Mary L. Berry, RN; Robert E. Berry, Jr, MD; Yale J. Berry, MD; Mary F. Berryhill, BSN, RN, CEN; Joel I. Bessoff, MD; Chand K. Bhan, MD; Samir Bhatt, MD; Diane Bianco, RNC; Douglass Bibuld, MD; Harvey Bidwell, MD; Samuel Bielak, MD; Don C. Bienfang, MD; Michael Bigby, MD; Michele D. Bilodeau, MD; Gregory K. Binus, MD; Edward D. Bird, MD; Ilene R. Blacksberg, MD; Adrian Blake, MD; Andrew N. Blatt, MD; Anne M. Blake, RN; M. Donald Blaufox, MD, PhD; Gerard C. Blobe, MD; Susan Block, MD; Richard Blum, MD; Andrew S. Blum, MD; Margaret K. Blundo, RN; Arthur Bobruff, MD; Sandra Bock, PAC; Charles A. Bockoff, MD; Carol F. Boerner, MD; Daniel R. Bonetzky, MD; Brian Bonham, MD; Francisco A. Bonilla, MD; Rebecca S. Boolos, RN; S. H. Borden, MD; Robert S. Borden, MD; Joseph G. Borer, MD; Joanne Borg-Stein, MD; Judith Borit, MD; Gary Borodic, MD; David M. Boruta II, MD; Boston University Medical School Class of 2000; Suzanne Bourassa, RN; Robert D. Boutin, MD; Newton D. Bowdan, MD; George R. Bowers, MD; Mary Bowes, RN; Theonia K. Boyd, MD; Karen Boyden, RN; Patricia Bozarjian, RN; John W. Braasch, MD; Charles Brackett, MD, MPH; Gregory L. Braden, MD; John C. Brancato, MD; Haim Brandspiegel, MD; E. Michael Brandt, MD; Phil Braun; Carl W. Braun, MD; Lewis Braverman, MD; Peter Bregman, DPM; Joan Mary Brennan, RN, BSN; Barry M. Brenner, MD; Joseph H. Brenner, MD; Ruth Brescia, RN; David C. Brewster, MD; Abraham A. Bridger, MD; Hannah Briemberg, MD; Stephanie Briggs, RN; Susan M. Briggs, MD; Virgie Bright, MD; Ann M. Briley, MD; Stuart Brink, MD; Eric Brodsky, MD; Martin D. Broff, MD; Betsy Ann Brooks, MD; David C. Brooks, MD; Jeffrey P. Brosco, MD, PhD; Anastasia Brown, RN; Carolyn Brown, MD; Celia Brown, MD; Contance Ann Brown, RN, MS; Herbert N. Brown, MD; Robert H. Brown, MD; Robert S. Brown, MD; Carl N. Brownsberger, MD; Victoria Brownstone, RN; Charles K. Brummer, MD; Richard P. Brunswick, MD; Glenn J. Bubley, MD; Nancy L. R. Bucher, MD; Linda Y. Buchwald, MD; Elaine Buckley, RN; Kathy Budreski, RN; Mary F. Buechler, MD; David Bullis, MD; Alan Bulotsk, MD; Mary Bunell, RN; Craig Bunnell, MD; Lucinda A. Burgess, RN; Christine Burgio, RN; Bonnie J. Burke, NP; Kristin Burns, RN; Mary Burns, MD; Padraic Burns, MD; Winthrop A. Burr, MD; John S. Burr, MD; Barbara H. Burr, MD; William J. Burtis, MD; Sharon Spaeth Bushnell, MD; Edna C. A. Butaney, MD; Janet Butler, RNC; Pamela Butman, RN; Catherine F. Buttenwieser, LICSW; Robert C. Buxbaum, MD; Sarah E. Byrne, MD
Susan Thomas Cabot, MD; Jean Gruber Cabral, RN; Carla-Lisa Caliga, RN; Thrassos S. Calligas, MD; Aida Calvillo, MD; Linda Cameron, RN; Barbara Jean Cannon, MD; Kelly Cantara, RN; Carl Canzanelli, MD; Hubert I. Caplan, MD; Louis R. Caplan, MD; Paula Jo Carbone, MD; William J. Carey, MD; John J. Carey, MD; Bambi A. Carkey, RN, MS, NCC; Charles W. Carl, Jr, MD; Christine Carlsen; Margaret M. Caron, LPN; James Tyler Carpenter, PhD; Julia H. Carpenter; Herman E. Carr, Jr, MD; Phyllis L. Carr, MD; Steven Carr, MD; John L. Carrigan, MD; Ann Carter, RN; Helen Joyce Carty, RN; Lydie F. Casaletto, RN; Joel Caslowitz, MD; Joy B. Cass, MD; Ann F. Cassidy, RN; Dimitri Cassimatis; Mark Cattalani, MD; David R. Cave, MD; Bartolome Celli, MD; Jang-Ho Cha, MD; Roger N. Chabra, MD; Jeannie Chaisson, RN; Betsy Chalfen, MSN; Stephanie M. Chalupka, RN; Keith Champney, MD; Anneliese Chang, RN; Chava E. Chapman, MD; Gordon M. Chapman, MD; Kathleen M. S. Chapman, RNCS, FNP; Robert J. Chapman, MD; Ted Chapman, MD; John S. Chappell, MD; Michael Charness, MD; Karen Chase, RN, CCRC; Melinda A. Chase, RNC; Richard Chasin, MD; Stephen O. Chastain, MD; Anjan Chaudhury, MD; Nancy Falco Chedid, MD; Domingo Cheleuitte, MD; Glenn M. Chertow, MD; Paul N. Chervin, MD; Karen A. Chesley, RN, MS, CS; Elizabeth Childs, MD; Stuart R. Chipkin, MD; Abram Chipman, PhD; Susan B. Chipman, PhD; Deborah Choate, MD; Sung W. Choi, MD; Amita R. Chopra, MD; Teresa J. Chory, NP; Roger L. Christian, MD; David C. Christiani, MD; Julia Christo, RN; James A. Chu, MD; Rosalyn H. Chyten; Nancy Cibotti Granoe, MD; Lucia Ciurea, MD; Thomas E. Clancy, MD; Peter M. Clarke, MD; C. R. Clayman, MD; Nancy Cleary, RN; Lawrence H. Climo, MD; Barbara J. Cloutman, RN; Steven H. Cobb, MD; John P. Cocchiarella, MD; William Cochran, MD; Scott Cochrane, MD; Barbara A. Cockrill; Nicholas P. W. Coe, MD; Christopher J. Coffey, MD; Jay D. Coffman, MD; Albert Cohen, MD; David J. Cohen, MD; Ilene Cohen, MD; Jonathan Cohen, MD; Peter W. Cohen, MD; Wendy S. Cohen, MD; Lynne Colbert, RN, BSN; Jay M. Colby, MD; Margaret Coleman, MD; Mary Coleman, MD; Andrew Colin, MD; Charles D. Collard, MD; Amy Collins, MD; Mark E. Collins, MD; Barbara S. Colliton, RN; Kenneth Colmer, MD; Suzanne R. Colonna, RN; Mary E. Colpoys, MD; Andrew G. Compaine, MD; Mark E. Comunale, MD; Loring Conant, Jr, MD; Maureen A. Pavao Conboy, RN; Judith A. Condon, RNC; John C. Coniaris, MD; Sherrill (Ted) Conna, MD; Mary Connolly, RN; Phyllis A. Connolly, RN; Linda Connor, RNC; Daniel F. Connor, MD; Peter H. Contompasis, MD; Gloria Scott Conway, RN; John V. Cooney, MD; Donna R. Cooper, MD; Ellen R. Cooper, MD; Joshua Cooper, MD; Ruth Cooper, RN; Scott R. Cooper, MD; Marcia N. Copel; Mary M. Coppa, RN; Paul Corcoran, MD; Teresa R. Corcoran, MD; Janice D. Costa, RNC; Mary E. Costanza, MD; Gerard Coste, MD; Michael F. Cotter, RN; Deborah Cotton, MD; Paul Robe Coutu, MD; Maria A. Cowley, RN; James R. Cox III, MD; Michael Coyne, MD; Clifford L. Craig, MD; William R. Cranley, MD; Gloria T. Aubut Craven, RN, MS; M. Cornelia Cremens, MD; Jonathan Critchlow, MD; Allen C. Crocker, MD; Bruce R. Croffy, MD; Thomas G. Cropley, MD; Anne Crowell, RN; Kathleen A. Crowley, MD; William F. Crowley, Jr, MD; Robert Cserr, MD; Ted Cucio, MD; David J. Cullen, MD; Mary Cullinan, RNC, NP, CNM; Thomas Cummings; Mark J. Cunningham, MD; Marjorie Curran, MD
Joseph D'Afflitti, MD; Robert L. D'Agostino, MD; Edward D'Andrea, MD; N. J. D'Angelo, MD; Michael D'Intinosanto, RN; John D'Orazio, MD; Carl D'Orsi, MD; William C. Daly, MD; Mary Aileen Dame, MD; Garo Damla, MD; Gilbert H. Daniels, MD; Anne Dantzler, MD; Philip R. Daoust, MD; Carole R. Darraugh, RN; John F. Dashe, MD; Richard M. Daum, MD; Christine C. Davenport, RN; John David, MD; Charles S. Davidson, MD; Edwin M. Davidson, MD; Paul Davidson, MD; Robin I. Davidson, MD; Aloysius L. Davis III, MD; Matthew M. Davis, MD; Michael A. Davis, MD, SCD; Steven M. Davis, MD; David M. Dawson, MD; Heather M. Day, MD; John A. Day, Jr, MD; Leslie De Groot, MD; Ann DeAngelis, RN; Marilyn T. DeBesse, RN; Allen Y. DeLaney, MD; Laura L. Delaney, RN, MS; Thomas F. DeLaney, MD; Rosanna DeMarco, PhD, RN; Joseph M. DeMichele, MD; Virginia DeSorgher, RN; John D. DeWeese, MD; Paul F. Dellaripa, MD; Ilham Deloomy, MD; Enrico F. Demaio, MD; James R. Demicco, MD; Anna Demurjian, RN; Marita Deniso, RN; H. Desai, MD; N. V. Desaj, MD; Lena Deter, RN, MPH; Kathleen Devaney, MD; Karen S. Devassy, MD; Theresa Dever, RN; V. DeYeso, MD; Bruce Dezube, MD; Satvinder S. Dhesi, MD; Richard J. DiBella, MD; Daniel J. DiLorenzo, MD; Frank T. DiMasi, MD; Vincent DiRienzo, LICSW; Donald DiSalvo, MD; Michael Dias, MD; Chandlee C. Dickey, MD; Aubrey Dickman, MD; Kate Didio, RN; Catherine M. Diehl, RN; Robert B. Diener, MD; Byron R. Diggs, MD; Jean Dillard, RN; Sharon P. Dilley, MD; Mary Anne Dillon, RN; Joel E. Dimsdale, MD; John D. Diorio, MD; Bruce Ditzion, MD; Maria Dizon, MD; Robert G. Dluhy, MD; John Dmochowski, MD; Barbara A. Doane, RN; Lisa Dobberteen, MD; John Dobija, RN, NP; Steven K. Dobscha, MD; W. P. Docken, MD; Alan Doctor, MD; David Dodson, MD; J. Lawrence Dohan, MD; Christine Doherty, RN; Meg Doherty, MS, RNC, ANP; Philip J. Doherty, MD; Lena E. Dohlman, MD; Carolyn J. Dolan, RN; Gerard Domanowski, MD; Susan Domchek, MD; Susan R. Donaldson, MD; Joseph H. Donnelly, MD; Connie Donofrio, RN, CWHC, MT; Rebecca K. Donohue, PhD, RN; Sheilah Dooley, RN; Flora R. Dopkeen, RN; Saul Dopkeen, MD; Dragana Doran, MD; Mary E. Dore, MD; William Dorsey, MD; Elizabeth Dougherty, RN; Jeffrey Dover, MD; Edward Dow, MD; Elias Dow, MD; Jill Downing, MD; Patricia Downs-Berger, MD; Christopher J. Doyle, MD; Alan Drabkin, MD; Paul R. Draskoczy, MD; Morris Dratch, MD; Marcia Driscoll, RN; Robert Driscoll, MD; Jane Driver, MD; Amy DuBois, MD; Curtiss J. DuRand, MD; Rina L. Dubin, PhD; David Dubuisson, MD; John M. Dugan, MD; Mary Ellen Dugan, MD; Shirley Ann Duggan, RN; Matthew P. Dumont, MD; Malcolm Dunkley, MD; Janice Dunton, RN; B. J. Durante, MD; William Durbin, MD; Francis J. Durgin, MD; Christopher Durham, MD; Teresa Durkin-Frye, RN; Ronald B. Durning, Jr, MD; Marcia Dworkind, MD; Ingrid L. Dybvik, RN; Arthur J. Dyck, PhD; Judith A. Dyer, RN; Martha Welch Dyer, MD; Patricia A. Dykstra, MD
Mary E. Earl, RN; Carroll Eastman, MD; Judith Eaton, MD; Sandy Eaton, RN; Kristen P. Eckler, MD; Anne Eden Evins, MD; William H. Eger, MD; David Egilman, MD; Carol M. Ehrlich, MD; Teddi F. Eisen, MD; Mark Eisenberg, MD; David Eisenberg, MD; Robert M. Eisendrath, MD; Laurel A. Eisenhauer, RN; Mohamed Eldaly, MD; Carol Hall Ellenbecker, PhD; Beatrice R. Ellesbree, RN; Ross G. Elliot III, RN; Elizabeth Elliott, RN; Daniel S. Ellis, MD; Richard T. Ellison III, MD; David J. Elpern, MD; Frank G. Emerling, MD; Emil Engels, MD; Denise Enger, RN; Michael R. England, MD; Carol Englender, MD; Michael Ennis, MD; Nathan B. Epstein, MD; Ann R. Epstein, MD; Dan Epstein, MD; Jeff Ericksen, MD; W. B. Ericson, Jr, MD; Dorothy W. Errera; Alvin Essig, MD; James M. Estes, MD; Masha J. Etkin, MD; John S. Evans; Henry C. Everett, MD
Kathleen M. Fairfield, MD; Vera T. Fajtova, MD; Kenneth R. Falchuk, MD; Myron Falchuk, MD; Katherine M. Farago, RN, ET; Jaleh B. Farahmand, MD; Kenneth Farbman, MD; Christine Farrell-Riley, MD; Stuart S. Fay, MD; Lydia Fazzio, MD; Margaret Fearnley, RNC; Daniel C. Federman, MD; Bruce B. Feinberg, MD; Emily Feinberg, CPNP; Sidney M. Feldman, MD; Ruth L. Feldman, RN; Mitchell Feldman, MD; Robert G. Feldman, MD; Joel Feldman, MD; David Feller-Kopman, MD; George Feltin, MD; Jill E. Felton, RN; Pamela A. Fleming, RN; Vladimir Fencl, MD; Nancy J. Fennessey, RN; Franklin A. Fergusen, RN; Mary Ann Ferguson, RN, MS; Justino Fernandes, MD; Bert Fernandez, MD; W. W. J. S. Fernando, MD; Rushika Fernandopulle, MD; Richard S. Ferri, PhD, ANP, ACRN; Debra Fertig, MD; Fransis W. Field; Jordan Fieldman, MD; Susan Filene, MD; Robert Finberg, MD; Maturin D. Finch, MD; Jeffrey M. Fine, EdD; Jonathan E. Fine, MD; Sylvia Fine, MD; Judy Fine Edelstein, MD; Joyce Fingeroth, MD; Maturin D. Firch, MD; Marcia E. Fisch, MD; Judith S. Fisch, MD; Ruth L. Fischbach, PhD; Steven Fischel, MD; Maureen B. Fischer, RN, MSN, CS; Susan G. Fischer, RN; Jeremy M. Fish, MD; Karen Fish; Michael J. Fishbein, MD; Daniel J. Fitzgerald III, MD; Paul M. Fitzsimmons, RN; Stephen Fleck, MD; Robert H. Fletcher, MD; Victoria A. Flores, RN; Richard P. Floyd, MD; Michael K. Flynn, MD; Robert E. Flynn, MD; Katherine Foley, RN, MS; Pam Holden Follows, RN, MPH; Catherine P. Fong, RN; Pierre Forgacs, MD; Tod F. Forman, MD; Robert Armour Forse, MD; Richard M. Forster, MD; Stanley A. Forwand, MD; William B. Fox, MD; Linda Foxworthy, FNP; Deborah A. Frank, MD; James L. Frank, MD; Jerome D. Frank, MD; L. Jay Frank, MD; Margaret L. Frank, MD; Diane Franz, PhD; Mary C. Frates, MD; John D. Freedman, MD; Julie Freedman, ANP; Amanda B. Freeman, MD; David L. Freeman, MD; Marlene Freeman, MD; Miriam R. Freidin, MD; Ralph B. Freidin, MD; Paul Fremont-Smith, MD; Kai U. Frerichs, MD; Andrea Fribrush, MD; Gregory L. Fricchione, MD; Marvin P. Fried, MD; Fritz Friedland, MD; Jeffrey R. Friedman, MD; Laurie Friedman, CNM; Leonard R. Friedman, MD, JD; Rohn S. Friedman, MD; Rosalind S. Frim, MD; Walter R. Frontera, MD; James P. Frosch, MD; Lisa Frost, MD; Melissa Frumin, MD; Valerie Fuller, RN, BSN; Carl Fulwiler, MD; Nancy Furey, MD; Sheila M. Furey, MD; Annette Furst, MD
William H. Gaasch, MD; Bennett N. Gaev, MD; Robert W. Gage, MD; Paul Gaither, MD; Mary Ellen Galante, CNM; Gregory Gale, MD; Mary Jo Gallagher, RN; Jeanne Madden Gallant, RN; Erza Galler, MD; Stephen J. Galli, MD; John D. Gambill, MD; David L. Gang, MD; Donald G. Ganim, MD; JoAnn S. Ganim, MD; Jerome S. Gans, MD; David Ganz, MD; Alan Garber, MD; Edgardo A. Garcia-Trias, MD; Richard C. Gardner, MD; Susan Garland, PhD, LICSW; Frank Michael Gatti, MD; Alexander R. Gaudio, MD; Norman C. Gaudrault, MD; Elizabeth Gaufberg, MD; Slava V. Gaufberg, MD; Aisling Gaughan, MD; Satyanarayana Gavarasana, MD; Albert C. Gaw, MD; Carolyn Gayle, MD; Kathleen M. Gayoski, RN; Thomas Geagan, MD; Nancy Gentry Geis, MD; Steven E. Gelda, MD; Max Geller, MD; Stephen Gellis, MD; Mary Gellman, MD; Martin Gelman, MD; Renee L. Gelman, MD; David Geltman, MD; Donald J. Gentile, MD; Carol M. Genoouse, RN; Karen Andrea George, RN; Evangelos Geraniotis, MD; Edward M. Gerber, MD; Samuel D. Gerber, MD; Tobin N. Gerhart, MD; Jaqueline Germain, MD; Jaime Belkind-Gerson, MD; Katie Gerstle, MD; Paul S. Gertstein, MD; Stephen G. Gerzof, MD; Pierre Ghassibi, MD; Zoher Ghogawala, MD; Laurie E. Gianturco, MD; Patricia Gibbons, MD; Sarah E. Gilbert, MD; Barbara A. Gilchrest, MD; Teana Gilinson, RN; Ben Gill, MD; James F. Gilligan, MD; Eileen M. Gioisa, RN; Gigi N. Girgis, MD; Robert P. Giugliano, MD; Sandra Gizzi, RN; Gerald C. Gladstone, MD; Robert J. Gladstone, MD; Samuel Gladstone, MD; Helene Glaser, RN; Jay L. Glaser, MD; Joan F. Glasheen, RN; Leonard L. Glass, MD; Karen E. Glasser, MD; Randy S. Glassman, MD; Wayne B. Glazier, MD; Barry F. Gleason, MD; Aaron Gleekman, MD; Franklin Glockner, MD; Penelope M. Glynn, RN; Roxanna D. Glynn, RN; Bruce I. Goderez, MD; Jennifer Goedken, MD; Scott Goetz, MD; Robert M. Goisman, MD; David E. Golan, MD; , PhD Alex Gold, MD; Henry M. Gold, MD; Karen R. Gold, RN; Nancy Gold, RN; Alisa Goldberg, MD; Bruce Goldberg, MD; Ronald P. Goldberg, MD; William E. Goldberg, MD; Miriam D. Goldfarb, MD; Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD; Everett Z. Goldin, MD; Leon Goldman, MD; Donald Goldmann, MD; Steven Goldsmith, MD; Michael Goldstein, MD; Joel Goldstien, MD; Delores Goldstone, RN, LICSW; Mayana Golomb, MD; Steven Varga-Golovcsenko, MD; Richard Fisher Gomberg, MD; Yvonne Gomez-Carrion, MD; Holly Goodale, MD; Anne Kathryn Goodman, MD; Bruce F. Goodman, MD; Glen K. Goodman, MD; John D. Goodson, MD; Murray J. Goodman, MD; Thomas A. Goodman, MD; Cynthia Googins, RN; Stephanie Goonan Wall, MD; Irene Goranitis, MD; Dennis S. Gordon, MD; Peter Gorlin, MD; , PhD Todd E. Gorman, MD; Jon M. Gorman, RN; Peter A. Gorski, MD; , MPA Lorraine Gotlib, RN, MS; Lili Gottfried, MD; Jacob Gottler, MD; Barbara Gottlieb, MD; John H. Gould, MD; John J. Gould, RN; Mary Gould, RN; Michael F. Gould, PAC; Norman J. Gould, MD; Robert S. Gould, MD; Estherann Grace, MD; Kenneth Graham, MD; Melanie A. Ryan Graham, MD; Benjamin Grajales, MD; Herbert F. Gramm, MD; Karen Grande, MD; Amit Granot, MD; Joseph W. Gravel, MD; Steven W. Graves, PhD; Toni S. Greatrex, MD; Kathleen M. Greco, MD; Jane T. Green, RN; Karen S. Green, RN; Thomas Green, MD; David Green, MD; Winslow Green, MD; Karen S. Greenberg, MD; Ramon Greenberg, MD; Jeffrey J. Greenberg, MD; William Greenberg, MD; Marian Greenburg, MD; John J. Greenler, MD; Beverly Greenwold, MD; Michael Greger; Karen M. Gregory, FNP; Nancy J. Gregory, MD; Marilyn P. Griffin, MD; Virginia Marie Griffin, RN; John E. Griggs, MD; Lester Grinspoon, MD; Maureen Groden, RN, MS; Michael A. Grodin, MD; Patricia D. Groeninger, MS, COHNS; Elizabeth Grynberg, MD; Paul Guarino; Virginia I. C. Guenette, RN; L. D. Gugino, MD; Timothy E. Guiney, MD; Amita Gupta; Sushil K. Gupta, MD; Victor Gurewich, MD; Alan Gurwitt, MD; Paul B. Gustafson, MD; Burte Guterman, MD; Thomas G. Gutheil, MD; Andrew D. Guthrie, Jr, MD; Jonathan A. Guttmacher, MD; Sally Guy, RN; Joseph A. Guzzetta, MD
Susan Haas, MD; Gregory N. Hagan, MD; Jeanne Ackman Haimovici, MD; Mounir Hajjar; J. E. Hall, MD; Anne Hallward, MD; John H. Halpern, MD; Paul Hamburg, MD; Ronald Hamburger, MD; Albert H. Hamilton; Sandra A. Hamm, RN; Jonathan Han, MD; John Hanrahan, MD; Paul Hans, MD; Scott Hanson, MD; Eugene Harbilas, MD; Susan Hardt, MD; Susan Hardwicke, RN, BSN; Margaret Harling, MD; Robert S. Harper, MD; Michael P. Harrigan, MD; John T. Harrington, MD; Brad Harris, MD; Richard M. Harris; Steven J. Harris, MD; David C. Harrison, MD; Jane Harrity, MD; Edward J. Hart, MD; Paul Hart, RN; Rona D. Hart, RN; Francis M. Harte, MD; Ernest Hartmann, MD; Lawrence Hartmann, MD; Kevan L. Hartshorn, MD; Harvard Medical School Class of 1997; Harvard Medical School Class of 2000; Edward A. Hatchigian, MD; Charles Hatem, MD; Thomas J. Hathaway, MD; Stephan Crane Hauser, MD; Charles R. Hawley, MD; James Arthur Haycox, MD; Gerard B. Hayes, MD; Margaret Hayes, MSN; Harley A. Haynes, MD; Francine Haywood, NP; Adelina Healy; Gerald B. Healy, MD; Walter J. Healey, MD; Health and Social Services Consortium, Inc, Elder Services; Richard O. Heck, MD; Cathenne Hegarty, MD; Stephan Heisel, MD; Ira Helfand, MD; David G. Heller, MD; Zuhayr Hemady, MD; Robert Brian Hennessy, MD; Luis Fernandez-Herlihy, MD; Judith Lewis Herman, MD; Richard I. Herman, MD; David Hermanns, MD; Gonzalo Hernandez Vera, MD; Bonnie H. Herr, MD; Lawrence Herz, MD; S. Kate Herz, MD; Andrew Herzog, MD; Katherine Hesse, MD; George Carter Hewitt, MD; Anne W. Hiatt, RN; Katherine M. Hicks, MD; James High, MD; Alison L. Hill, MD; Joseph A. Hill, Jr, MD; Malcolm Hill, MD; Phillip R. Hill, MD; Rachel Hitt; Janice Hitzhusen, MD; Marie Hobart, MD; Ann Hobson, RNC; Robert Hoch, MD; , MPH Carol N. Hochberg, MD; Ephraim Hockberg, MD; Peter Hoenig, MD; Edward P. Hoffer, MD; Gail Hoffman, RNC; William F. Hoffmann, MD; Kathleen Hogan, MD; Hillary Hoge, MD; Linda Holbrook, LPN; Connie Holian, RN; Steve Hollis, MD; Diane Holly, RN; Howard S. Honig, MD; Anita Honkanen, MD; Peter Hopewood, MD; Timothy Hopkins, MD; Francis D. Horrigan, MD; Heide B. Horsley, MD; Kim D. Houde, MD; House Officers Association, Committee of Interns and Residents; Aaron Howard, RN; Frank A. Howard, MD; George F. Howard III, MD; Virginia Howden, RN; Christine Howe, RN; Kenneth Howe, MD; Lisbeth M. B. Howe, MD; Robert S. Howe, MD; Peggy Howrigan, MD; Chi-Yuan Hsu, MD; Stephen Hsu, MD; Jeanne Hubbuch, MD; Julianne Huber, MD; Mark Huberman, MD; Cynthia B. Hunt, MD; Ronald J. Hurley, MD; Sandra J. Hurley, RN, MBA; Kay Hurley-Bardige, NP; Claire Hurst, RN; David S. Hutchison, MD; Conny Huthsteiner, MD; William T. Hyland, MD; Joshua Hyman, MD
Christina Iacobo, MD; Michael A. Ingall, MD; Theodore M. Ingis, MD; Roger T. Inouye, MD; J. Anthony Irsfeld, PhD; Roberta S. Isberg, MD; Phillip L. Isenberg, MD; Martin Iser, MD; C. Suzanne Ishak, MD; Masahiko Ishikawa, MD; Raluca Iuster, MD; Mami Aiello Iwamoto, MD
Barbara Jackson, RN; Helen T. Jackson, MD; Daniel H. Jacobs, MD; Michael E. Jacobs, MD; Eric W. Jacobson, MD; Helen M. Jacoby, MD; Michele M. Jaeckel, RN; Mudit Jain, MD; Lewis P. James, Jr, MD; Robert C. Jandl, MD; John Jarcho, MD; Nancy J. Jaretz, RN, BSN, MEd; Roger R. Jean-Charles, MD; Phyllis Jen, MD; William P. Jencks, MD; Michael A. Jenike, MD; Adriene R. Jette, RN; John Jewett, MD; Carrie Jochelson, RNC; Amy D. Johnson, MD; Lise C. Johnson, MD; Mayo Johnson, MD; Michael L. Johnson, MD; Jeffrey J. Jones, MD; Ruth Ann Jordan, MD; Lenore N. Joseph, MD; Patricia M. Joseph, MD; Scott A. Joseph, MD; Nancy Judson, RN; Richard P. Junghans, MD, PhD
Jane Kaatz, ANP; William Kadish, MD; Karen Steel Kagey, MD; Eileen Kahan, MD; Eda M. Kahana, MD; Ralph J. Kahana, MD; Alan L. Kaitz, MD; Stefanos N. Kales, MD; Doreen Kalter, MD; Steven A. Kamenir, MD; Barbara J. Kane, MD; Maria E. Kane, MD; Christine Kannler; Selwyn A. Kanosky, MD; Ellen V. Kanter, MD; Philip Kantoff, MD; David B. Kaplan, MD; Michael Kaplan, MD; Eva Karacsonyi, MD; Nasser Karamouz, MD; Bruce Karlin, MD; Seth J. Karp, MD; Earl J. Kasdon, MD; Sonja Kassuba, MD; Susan Kattlove, MD; Barbara J. Katz, MD; Carol L. Katz, RN; Deborah Katz, MD; Jeffrey N. Katz, MD; , MS Marshall Katzen, MD; John Katzenberg, MD; David Kaufman, MD; Jefrey L. Kaufman, MD; Nathan E. Kaufman, MD; Max Kaulbach, MD; Trevor H. Kaye, MD; Homayoun Kazemi, MD; Joseph Keane, MD; Lida Kechavarz, MD; Gregory J. Kechejian, MD; Constance Helen Keefer, MD; Jane M. Kelleher, CCM; Maureen Kelleher, MD; David Keller, MD; Robert L. Kelley, MD; Maureen Kelly, RN; Virginia J. Kelly, RN; William L. Kelly; Karl T. Kelsey, MD; Carol Kelshaw, RNCS; Charles Kemos, MD; Robert F. Kenerson, MD; Shantilal N. Kenia, MD; Christine A. Kennedy, RN; Christopher Kennedy, MD; Karen Kennedy, MD; Peter Kenny, MD; Elizabeth Ann Kenrick, RN; David Kent, MD; Stefan Kertesz, MD; Carol Sowers Kessler, MD; M. Akmal Khan, MD; Mohamed Khan, MD; Khalil A. Khatri, MD; Douglas P. Kiel, MD; Raphael Kieval, MD; Pamela Killen, RNCS, LICSW; Hans Kim, MD; Mary E. King, MD; Susanne L. King, MD; Nancey Kinlin, RN; Susan M. Kirley, RN; Lewis A. Kirshner, MD; Jeffrey M. Kittay, DPM; Gail Printy Klein, RN; Robyn S. Klein, MD; Rona Klein, MD; Stanley D. Klein, PhD; Arthur Kleinman, MD; Trude Kleinschmidt, MD; John R. Knight, MD; Stephanie Knott; Andrew Ko, MD; William Kober, MD; James P. Koch, MD; Colleen Kochman, RN, PNP; Julia Koehler, MD; Stephen F. Koelbel, MD; Serena Koenig, MD; Laura Pinkston Koenigs, MD; Jonathan Kolb, MD; Lajos Koncz, MD; Mary Ann Kopydlowski, RN; Janice P. Kordes, RN; Sidney Koretsky, MD; Joseph H. Korn, MD; Fulton C. Kornack, MD; Sara-Jane Kornblith, MD; George Kornitzer, MD; Kevin Korsgaard, RN; Kathy Korte, FNP; Harold J. Kosasky, MD; Katharine S. Kosinski, MD; Anita L. Kostecki, MD; James V. Kowalski, MD; Peter Kowey, MD; Eric L. Krakauer, MD; Kathleen E. Kramer, MD; Jonathan D. Krant, MD; , MPH Helen Kraus, PsyD; Barbara M. Krause, MD; Elizabeth Krause, RN; Laurence T. Krenis, MD; Sarah Kressy; George W. Kriebel, Jr, MD; Gila Kriegel, MD; Henry J. Kriegstein, MD; Subramaniam C. Krishnan, MD; Arnold J. Kroll, MD; Frannie R. Kronenberg, MD; Ronna E. Krozy, EdD, RN; Robert J. Krushell, MD; Helena Kruttgen; Mandi Z. Kunen, MD; Hope Laurie Kurens, MD; Stephen Brill Kurtin, MD; Joseph C. Kvedar, MD; T. H. Kwan, MD; Raymond Joseph Kyriakos, MD
Julia G. LaGuette, MD; Thomas A. LaMattina, MD; Sylvia LaRocca, RN; Tim Lachman, MD; JoAnne LaForest, RN; Amy Lai, MD; Marie E. Lailer, RNCEN; Jo-Anne M. Lally, RN, BSN; Joseph P. Lamanna, MD; Michael Lambert, MD; David A. Lamdis, MD; Penny Lamhut, MD; Sharon A. Lamond, RNC, BSN; Anne LaMontagne, RN; Elaine Landes, NP; Daniel Landes, MD; Cheryl L. Landry, RN; Eliot Landsman, MD; Roger F. Lange; Carol Langford, MD; Theresa Lantz, RN, FNP; Allen Lapey, MD; Elizabeth A. Laranjo, RN; Mykol Larvie; Louis Lasagna, MD; Jack Lasche, MD; Karen Lasser, MD; Devayani C. Lathi, MD; Subhash G. Lathi, MD; Predrag Latkovich, MD; Allan Lauer, MD; Jens H. Lauridsen, MD; Joan M. Lauritsen, RN; Eleanor Lawler, RN; Daniel Lawlor, MD; Claire B. Lawrence, RN; Janet Lawrence, MD; W. Thomas Lawrence, MD; Dexter W. Lawson, MD; Amy Lazar, MD; Donna Lazorik, RN, MS; Joan M. LeBel, MD; Meryl S. LeBoff, MD; Lucian L. Leape, MD; Ellen M. Leary, NP; Kathleen S. Leavitt, RN; Robert Lebow, MD; David J. Lebwhol, MD; Stephen Ledbetter, MD; Dara K. Lee, MD; Bandy Lee, MD; Cassandra A. Lee; Michael A. Lee, MD; W. P. Andrew Lee, MD; Steven H. Lefkowitz, MD; Leslie Lehmann, MD; Morris Leibowitz, MD; David E. Leith, MD; Michael J. Lemanski, MD; Tricia Lemon, RN; Wayne I. Lencer, MD; Clara A. Lennox, MD; Sara Lennox, MD; Constance B. Lentz, MD; Janet P. Leon, RN; Todd R. Lepine, MD; Timothy Lepore, MD; Patricia LeRoy, RN; Eric Leskowitz, MD; Chet Lesniak, PhD; Martin Lesser, DO; Mary F. Leuihan, RN; Nina Lev, PA; Janet Levasseur, RN; Janet Levatin, MD; Shelia Levenseler, RNCS; James W. Levenson, MD; Shelley Levesque, MD; Judith Levin, RN; Michael S. Levin, MD; Robert M. Levin, MD; Howard B. Levine, MD; Norman G. Levinsky, MD; Alan Leviton, MD; Janet Levoff; Joseph G. Lewis, MD; Mary Lewis, RN; Tema Liberty, RN; Robert Licho, MD; Larry H. Lickstein, MD; Rona Lieberman, MD; Jane Liebschutz, MD; Andrew S. Lim, MD; Younsook Lim, MD; Thomas Lincoln, MD; Paul Ling, PhD; Mark Liponis, MD; Gloria L. Lippmann, LICSW; Don R. Lipsitt, MD; Marcia Lipski, MD; Sonia Lipson, RNCS; Patricia L. Lisle, RN; Brian A. Lisse, MD; Jerome M. Listernick, MD; Patricia Litke Kauffman, MD; Mortimer Litt, MD; Jack Lloyd, MD; William E. LoVerme, MD; Elizabeth Loder, MD; Albert Loerinc, MD; Ronald Loescher, MD; Vyvyane H. S. Loh, MD; Naomi London, MD; Linda C. Loney, MD; Anne W. Long, RN; A. Ben Lopez, MD; Roxanne Lorans, MD; Mara Lorenzi, MD; C. Vivian Lorenzo, MD; Grethchen Lousbury, RN; Ed Lowenstein, MD; Susan C. Lowery, MD; Beth Lown, MD; Melanie Lown; Arlene Lowney, RN, MBA; Susan Lozier; Roger S. Luckmann, MD; Jack Ludmir, MD; Jeffrey C. Lukas, MD; Kirk C. Lum, MD; Dennis P. Lund, MD; William C. Lund, MD; Carolyn Lundy, MD; Slava Lurye, RN; Stuart Lustig, MD; Christine Luthra, MD; Alison Lux; Margaret A. Lynch, RNCS; Genevieve Lynch, RN, MS; Morton D. Lynn, MD
Barbara "Bonnie" M. Grady, RN; Eunice J. MacAllister, RN; Diane Macdonald, LNP; Lucy J. MacLeod, RN; Kevin A. Mack, MD; Mary Macklin, FNP, RNC, MS; Rosemarie Maddi, MD; Jane Maffie-Lee, RN; Janet Magnani, MD; Charles E. Magraw, MD; James H. Maguire, MD; Kenkre G. Mahesh, MD; John F. Mahoney, MD; Kate Maker, RN; Hermine Makman, MD; Richard S. Makman, MD; Robert E. Maloney, MD; John T. Maltsberger, MD; Lawrence Mambrino, MD; Harvey Mamon, MD; Steven A. Manalan, MD; Anna A. Manatis-Lornell, MD; Jess Mandel, MD; Kathleen Mandigo, RN; Michelle Mango, MD; Marie E. Mannion, RN; Christian Mannsfeld, MD; Theo C. Manschreck, MD; J. Ramona Mansfield, RN; JoAnn E. Manson, MD; , PhD Jodi Maranchie, MD; Bruce Marcel, MD; Anne Parsons Marchant, CNS; Michael N. Margolies; David Margolin, MD; , PhD Gerald H. Margolis, MD; Alfred Margulies, MD; Natalie A. Mariano, MD; Roger A. Marinchak, MD; Sandy C. Marks, Jr, DDS; Nina Marlowe, MD; Michael A. Marrella, MD; Diana Marsh, RN; Allison J. Marshall, RN, BSN, MPH; Paul C. Marshall; Robin Lynne Martell, MD; Caroline Marten-Ellis, MD; Barry Martin, MD; Jonathan Martin, MD; Linda Martin, RN; A. Rafael Martinez, MD; Judith M. Maruca, RN, MS; Maria Mascola, MD; Barbara Masley, MD; Dan Massarelli, MD; Lucia H. Mastrangelo, RN; Peter E. Masucci, MD; Theresa S. Mataitis, ANP; A. Mathur, MD; Jeffrey B. Matthews, MD; Roberto Mattii, MD; Teresa M. P. Mattson, RN; Richard A. Mauceri, DO; Robert S. Mausel, MD; Alison May, MD; Lydia Mayer, MD; Steven R. Maynard, MD; A. Gale Maynard, LICSW; Edward V. Maytin, MD; Cyril Mazansky, MD; Arnold F. Mazur, MD; Jon Mazur, MD; Robert R. McAnaw, MD; Susan McDonnell, RN; Mary Ellen McDonough, RN; Barbara M. McInnis, RN; J. R. McNutt, MD; Donald T. McAuliffe, Jr, MD; Kevin J. McBride, MD; Dorothy Upson McCabe, RN; Joseph McCabe, MD; Lynn McCaffrey, RN, BSN; Kathleen M. McCarten, MD; Joseph McCarthy, MD; Patricia A. McCarty, RN; Robert C. McClure, MD; Peter C. McConarty, MD; Dennis J. McCrory, MD; Deborah McDevitt; Kathy E. McDiarmid, RN; Brenda Lynn McDonough, RN; Linda McEllin Curnane, LPN; Patricia T. McEntee, RN; Anne D. McFadd, RN; James C. McFarland, MD; James B. McGee, MD; Sarah McGee, MD; Raymond J. McGoldrick, MD; Bernard L. McGowan, MD; Robert P. McInerny, MD; V. M. McIntosh, MD; Robert McIntyre, MD; Sheila M. McIntyre, RN; Patrice Fox McIver, MD; Margaret McKenna, MD; Leah McKinnon-Howe; Karen C. McKoy, MD; Karen A. McLaughlin, RN; Heather Seabury McLean, MD; Pamela H. McLellam, RN; Kathleen C. McLeod, RN; Louise McMurray, RN; Joan McParland, MS, RN; Brian H. McPhillips, MD; Patricia H. McQuillan, RN; Roseanna H. Means, MD; Garth Meckler; Cynthia Medich, PhD, RN; Kirsten Meisinger, MD; Daniel F. Melville, MD; Matthew T. Menard, MD; Paul A. Menitoff, MD; Michael P. Menke, RN; Mary E. Mercier, RN; Renee Mercier, RN; Edward Messner, MD; Gail P. Metcalf, RN; Michele C. Meyer, MD; Alan Meyers, MD; Julie Meyers, MD; Gerald B. Miley, MD; Jean Baker Miller, MD; Karen Miller, RN; Karen L. Miller, MD; Michael E. Miller, MD; Paula Miller; Randall Miller, MD; Darlene W. Millman, MD; Judith Milne, MD; Rebecca Milstein; Aubrey Milunsky, MD; Jeff Milunsky, MD; Mary Braaten Miner, RN; Ira L. Mintzer, MD; Ernest Mittelholzer, MD; Michael I. Miyamoto, MD; Kathleen M. Mogul, MD; S. Louis Mogul, MD; Edwin E. Mohler, MD; Jose Molinar, MD; Steven Mollov, MD; Jean Molloy, RNC; Philip J. Molloy, MD; Lila H. Monahan, MD; Jason E. Mondale, MD; Aileen Montour, RN, LAc; Lisa M. Montuori, RN, MSN; Curtis T. Moody, MD; R. T. Moody, MD; Barbara J. Moore, MD; Francis D. Moore, MD; Grant Moore, MD; Helen Moore, RN; Michael J. Moore, MD; Robert F. Moore, MD; Roger E. Moore, MD; Thomas Moore, RN; Thomas J. Moore, MD; Philip Moraitis, MD; Gloria Moran, RN; Johnathan Moray, MD; Catherine A. Morazzi, MD; John P. Mordes, MD; Alexander C. Morgan, MD; Thomas Morgan, MD; Daniel Morganstern, MD; John P. Morin, RN; Claire Moroney, RN; Donald J. Morris, MD; James Morris, MD; Judy Morris, MD; Sharon Morrison, RN; Frank Morse, MD; Leonard J. Morse, MD; Richard Moskowitz, MD; Farzard Mostashari, MD; Edward J. Mostone, DPM; Donna Motherway, RNC; Gloria Moussa-Gabour, MD; Patricia Ellen Moyer, MD; Peter Moyer, MD; Peter J. Mozden, MD; Donald E. Mruk, MD; John F. Mueller, MD; Robert L. Muellner, MD; Michael Mufson, MD; William Mugg, MD; Ken Mukamal, MD; Alice Mulcahy, RN; Sheila M. Mulcahy, RN; Betty Munson, RNCS; Dianne Munson, MD; Eileen Murphy, RN; Ruth M. Murphy, MD; Theresa M. Murphy, RN; Ann E. Murray, RN; Donna Murtagh, RN; Peter Muz, MD; Katherine Myatt, RN; Steven A. Myers, MD; Anne M. Myers, MD
Carol C. Nadelson, MD; Marie Bernice Nagle, RN; Art Nahill, MD; Richard Naimark, MD; Ellen Mary Nash, RN; Meryl Nass, MD; Larry Nathanson, MD; National Coalition of Mental Health Care Professionals and Consumers, Inc; Christopher Nauman, MD; Alan H. Nauss, MD; Benjamin G. Neel, MD; Courtney Neff, MD; Claudia Nelson, MD; Kathleen E. Nelson, JD, RN; Melvin Nemkov, MD; Dmitry Nepomnayshy, MD; Carlos Neu, MD; Aisik Newman, MD; Christopher H. Newton, MD; Paul Nghiem, MD; Quan Dong Nguyen, MD; Donnah Nickerson-Reti, MD; Steven L. Nickman, MD; Peter Andrija Nigrovic, MD; Judith V. Nimblett, RN; Kenneth W. Nobel, MD; Catherine Noonan, RN; Patricia Normand, MD; Bonnie M. Norton, MD; Malkah T. Notman, MD; Chantal F. Nouvellon, MD; Phyllis Nowiszewski, RN; Jack Noyes, MD; Sara J. Nuciforo, MD; Anne Nugent, MD; Donna Nugent, RN; Marilyn M. Nugent, NP; Helen Nunberg, MD; Massachusetts Emergency Nurses Association; Franklin S. Nusbaum, DDS
Dennis J. O'Boyle, RPh; Elizabeth O'Brien, RN; James O'Connell, MD; Jim O'Connor, MD; John F. O'Connor, MD; Michael D. O'Connor; Michael A. O'Donnell, MD; Carol C. O'Donoghue, FNP; Jan O'Keefe, RN, MPH; Roland O'Leary, MD; Brian O'Malley, MD; Cecilia Dour O'Malley, RNC; Margaret O'Malley, RN; Kathleen O'Meara, RN; Edward O'Neil, Jr, MD; Nancy C. O'Rourke, NP; Joy Oakes, RN; Frederic E. Oder, MD; Godehard Oepen, MD; Maryann H. Ogonowski, RN, MS; Barbara Ogur, MD; Sara Oh, MD; Milton R. Okun, MD; Michael J. Olek, DO; Yngvild K. G. Olsen; Silvio J. Onesti, MD; Issam Oneyssi, MD; Rachel Oosterbaan, MD; Lauren M. Orloff, MD; Jay S. Orringer, MD; David C. Osler, MD; Michael Ostrousky, MD; Eileen M. Ouellette, MD; Cor Overbeeke, MD
Sung-Yun Pai, MD; Donald Paiewonsky, MD; Virginia H. Palazzo, MD; Jiri Palek, MD; Johanna A. Pallotta, MD; Diana A. Palmer, MD; Josefina A. Pangan, MD; Jose C. Pangan, Jr, MD; George Panteledes, MD; Lori A. Panther, MD; Frank Paolitto, MD; Margaret M. Papanastassiou, FNP; John A. Paraskos, MD; Bipin M. Parikh, MD; Yvonne M. Paris, MD; Richard Parker, MD; Stephen W. Parker, MD; James R. Parkinson, MD; Robert Parlee, MD; Richard Parmett, DMD; Leo Richard Parnes, MD; K. Gage Parr, MD; Victor Parsonnet, MD; Louis Pasquale, MD; Richard C. Pasternak, MD; John O. Pastore, MD; Adam A. Paszkowski, MD; Mary Patchett; Minalkumar A. Patel, MD; Randall Patkin, MD; Carol A. Patsdaughter, PhD, RN, ACRN; Kenneth P. Patterson, MD; Dawn Elliott Patton; Oglesby Paul, MD; Mary C. Pavlik, RN; Michael C. Payne, MD; Mark D. Pearlmutter, MD; Robert Peck, MD; Michelle Peckham, RN; John R. Pefeet, MD; Jon Pehrson, MD; Elaine Pelley; Richard J. Pels, MD; Veronica Pena-Vargas, RN, BSN; Barbara Penn, MD; Sandra F. Penn, MD; Jeffrey Peppercorn, MPH; T. Britton Percy, MD; Katharine Perkins, LICSW; Donald M. Perlman, MD; Donald H. Perlo, MD; Nicola Perone, MD; Herbert Perr, MD; Felix A. Perriello, MD; Ronald D. Perrone, MD; Andrew K. Perry, MD; Donna Perry, RN; Margaret B. Perry, RN; Alan D. Persky, MD; L. Russell Pet, MD; Edward Peters, DMD; , SM Robert Petersen, MD; Veronica Petersen, MD; Hart Peterson, MD; Lynn Peterson, MD; Dennis Petrocelli, MD; Joseph L. Pfeifer III, MD; Russell S. Phillips, MD; Susan L. Phillips, MD; Tania Phillips, MD; Ralph Philosophe, MD; Vincent Piccolo; Grace Pien, MD; David L. Pierce, MD; Victoria L. Pillard, MD; Julie Betts Pinkham, RN; Kathleen D. Pion, RN; Martha S. Pitt, RN; Elliot M. Pittel, MD; Andrew G. Plaut, MD; Thomas F. Plaut, MD; Jacqueline L. Pleet, MD; Jorge Plutsky, MD; Debra Poletto, MD; Jane Pollack, MD; Alan Pollack, MD; H. Clinton Pollack III; Jay M. Pomerantz, MD; Elizabeth A. Pomfret, MD; Frank B. Pomposelli, Jr, MD; Stephen Pool, MD; Juliet V. Porch, MD; Susan Pories, MD; David H. Porter, MD; Charles M. Poser, MD; Michael K. Posner, MD; Diana Post, MD; Maxwell G. Potter, MD; Alicia Powell, MD; Joan Powell, RN; Nancy E. Pratt, MD; Bruce H. Price, MD; Mark R. Proctor, MD; Thomas Ptak, MD; Guy F. Pugh, MD; Janis L. Puibello, FNP; Sylvia Pulzetti, RN; Ann W. Purcell, RN; Robert L. Pyles, MD
Usman Qayyun, MD; Luigi Querusio, MD; Steven L. Quigley, MD; Deborah A. Quinn, MD
James M. Rabb, MD; M. Rabin, MD; Lori B. Racha; Laurel Radwin, PhD, RN; Seth Rafal, MD; Julia Ragland, MD; Soroya Rahaman, MD; Geraldine Rainville, RN; Allan A. Ramey, MD; Jane Rand, RN; Patricia Raney, MD; Joseph Raniere, Jr, MD; Edward K. Rao, MD; Diana Raphael, RN, MS; David Raskin, MD; David Ray, MD; Howard W. Raymond, MD; Helen Raynham, MD; Edward Reardon, MD; Judith S. Recknagel, MD; Paul Redstone, MD; Shelley Reever, RN; Pamela Reeves, MD; Quentin Regestein, MD; Joyce Regonini, RN, BSN; Debra S. Reich, MD; John F. Reichard, MD; Barry Reicher, MD; Ann Reichert, RN; Eileen Reilly, MD; David Reisen, MD; Kathleen "Kate" Reist, MD; WF Francis Renna, MD; John A. Renner, Jr, MD; Ira H. Rex III, MD; Sally Reyering, MD; Cheryl Reynolds, RN; Matthew R. Reynolds, MD; Frances A. Rhoads, MD; George A. Rhoads, PhD; Vincent Riccardi, MD; , MBA Joan M. Welch Rice, RN; Louise Rice, RN; Richard Rice, MD; Charles H. Richards, MD; Charlotte Richards, MD; Keith C. Richards, MD; Jerome P. Richie, MD; Walter H. Riester, MD; Dominic R. Riganotti, MD; Francis J. Riley, MD; Linda Riley, RN; Richard L. Riley, MD; John Ritter, MD; Virginia H. Rittner, MD; Gustavo Rivera, MD; Ana-Maria Rizzuto, MD; Richard M. Robb, MD; David A. Robbins, MD; Stanley L. Robbins, MD; John R. Roberts, RNCS; L. Willis Roberts, MD; Teresa Roberts, NP; Robyn Robinson, MD; Stephen H. Robinson, MD; Susan C. Robinson, MD; Mary Roche, RN; Cynthia Roche-Cotter, FNP; Mark A. Rockoff, MD; David T. Rockwell, MD; Jean C. Roddy, RN; Anne P. Rogal, MD; Michael A. Rogawski, MD; , PhD Adrianne E. Rogers, MD; Barbara A. Rogers, RN, CFNP; Alexandra K. Rolde, MD; Arturo R. Rolla, MD; Richard Romano, MD; M. Ronthal, MD; Mary L. Rooney, RN; Allan H. Ropper, MD; Christine Rosati, RN; Shannon M. Rose, MD; Bruce Rosen, MD; Fred S. Rosen, MD; Joel E. Rosen, MD; Roger C. Rosen, MD; Charles Rosenbaum, MD; David Rosenberg, MD; Henry W. Rosenberg, MD; Peter M. Rosenberg, MD; Michael Rosenblatt, MD; Richard S. Rosenfeld, MD; Katherine Rosenfield, MD; Douglas Ross, MD; Jonathan Ross, MD; Joseph Ross, MD; Barry H. Roth, MD; Jessica R. Roth, MD; Monique Roth, MD; Alice Rothchild, MD; Suzanne B. Rothchild, MD; William B. Rothschild, MD; Judith Shindul-Rothschild, RN; Sari Rotter, MD; Yvette Roubideaux, MD; Eve Rowell, MD; Mary Jean Roy, RN, MS, MEd; Sister Callista Roy, RN; Joel Rubenstein, MD; Joel F. Rubinstein, MD; Lisa Shulman Rubinstein, MD; Mark H. Rubenstein, MD; Sidney C. Rubenstein, MD; Francisco Rubira, MD; Richard A. Rudders, MD; Neil Ruderman, MD; Roy L. Ruff, MD; Ruth Ruiter, RN; Sandra French Ruland, RN; Cheryl A. Rumley, RN; Robert Russell, RN; Lincoln Russin, MD; Deborah J. Russo, RN; Margaret B. Ruttenberg, MD; Eileen Ryan, RN; Rosemary Ryan, MD
Tomasz Sablinski, MD; David H. Sachs, MD; Karen Sadler, MD; Mary P. Saginario, RN; Stanely E. Sagov, MD; Vikas Saini, MD; Magdy Salama, MD; David Salant, MD; Janine T. R. Saldanha, MD; Hilton A. Salhanick, MD; Lynne M. Sallinger, RN; Brice Saltzman, MD; John Saltzman, MD; Fouad J. Samaha, MD; Albert B. Samaraweera, MD; Shera Samaraweera, MD; Claire M. Sampson, RN, OCN; Pedro G. Sanchez, MD; Louis W. Sander, MD; Allan Sandler, MD; Heather Z. Sankey, MD; Frances April Santiago, RN; Anne M. Santoro, RN; Joseph D. Sapira, MD; Jose A. Saporta, Jr, MD; S. John Saragas, MD; Carolyn Sarantakis, PT; Lynne Sardell, PAC; Mehdi Sarkarati, MD; Zarouhi Sarkisian, MS, RN; Christine Saulnier, RN; Stan Saulny; Mary Lou Sauro, RN; Dmitriy Savanin, MD; Diane Savarese, MD; Joseph J. Savitt, MD; David Savitz, MD; Pamela Sawyer, RN; Joyce M. Scally, RN; Asher Schachter, MD; Lidia Schapira, MD; Stefan Schatzki, MD; Pamela Scheinman, MD; Cathy R. Schen, MD; Charles Schepens, MD; N. Paul Schepis, MD; Jill B. Schiff, MD; Fredric Schiffer, MD; Kevin E. Schmidt, MD; Berndt P. Schmit, MD; Ronald Schneebaum, MD; Paul J. Schnur, MD; Allan Scholom, PhD; Donald L. Schomer, MD; Melvin J. Schorin, MD; E. Martin Schotz, MD; Paul C. Schroy III, MD; Deborah A. Schulz, RN; Roman Schumann, MD; Frances Schuss, MD; Jules R. Schwaber, MD; Cathy Schwartz, RN; Harvey J. Schwartz, MD; John S. Schwarz, MD; Nora E. Schwartz, MD; Beverlee Sclar, RNCS; Richard D. Scott, MD; Mary Deming Scott, MD; Karen L. Scruggs, MD; Barbara M. Seagle, MD; Josephine R. Sears, RN; Ellen Seely, MD; Scott Segal, MD; Robert Sege, MD; Henry M. Seidel, MD; Herbert A. Selenkow, MD; William R. Sellers, MD; Norman J. Selverstone, MD; J. Jeffery Semaan, MD; , CM Ellen Senghas, MD; Larry Shade; Rahim Shafa, MD; Kitt Shaffer; Robert C. Shamberger, MD; John Jay Shannon, MD; Harry Shapiro, MD; Howard M. Shapiro, MD; Joshua Sharfstein, MD; Jim Shaughnessy, MD; Dennis C. Shay, MD; Jo-Anne Shea, RN; Peter Shearer, MD; Mary F. Sheeham, RN; Jeannette Sheehan, RN; Waseema Sheikh, MD; Roy Berkowitz-Shelton, MD; Samuel Shem, MD; Robert C. Shepard, MD; Donald Sherak, MD; Jan L. Shifren, MD; Jonathan D. Shifren, MD; Scott A. Shikora, MD; Deborah Silen, MD; Robert L. Shirley, MD; Robert H. Shmerling, MD; Jack P. Shonkoff, MD; Karen Shore, PhD; Michael J. Shortsleeve, MD; Joseph Shrand, MD; Alan J. Shubin, RPh; Donald C. Shukan, MD; Alexander Sidney, MD; Benjamin Siegel, MD; David R. Sigelman, MD; Albert M. Signorella, MD; Julie Silberman, MD; Cynthia Silbert, MD; Jeremiah Silbert, MD; Deborah A. Silen, MD; William Silen, MD; Adam J. Silk, MD; Susan Silk, MD; Frederick H. Sillman, MD; Jane S. Sillman, MD; Henrietta M. Silton, RN; Jose L. Silva, MD; Deborah Jane Silver, MD; Howard Silverman, MD; Stuart G. Silverman, MD; Dennis A. Silvers, MD; Leslie Silverstone, MD; Patricia A. Silvia, MD; A. David Simkin, MD; Marion Simm, RN, MSN; Barry P. Simmons, MD; Bennett Simon, MD; Julia L. Simonds, RN; Joel L. Siner, MD; Carole J. Singer, RN, MSN, CS; David L. Singer, MD; Susan L. Sinnott, RNC; Margaret Sitrick, RN; John J. Skillman, MD; Virginia Slack, RN, BSN; Dorothy Slagen, RN; Maura E. Slayne, NP; Laurence J. Sloss, MD; Stephen D. Small, MD; Melanie Smart, RN, MA; Bernadette Smith, RN; Blake Smith, MD; Ellison L. Smith, MD; Edward H. Smith, MD; Hugh S. Smith; Kenneth E. Smith, MD; Lloyd Smith, DPM; Lois Smith, MD; Robert J. Smith, MD; Steven P. Smith, MD; William T. Smith IV, MD; Marcia Smith-Hutton, MSW; Jordan W. Smoller, MD; Joel J. Snider, MD; Daniel Snyder, MD; Elise Snyder, MD; Harold S. Solomon, MD; Joel B. Solomon, MD; Richard Solomon, MD; Victoria Soloway, MD; , MPH Lucia Sommers, MD; Peter Sommers, MD; Karl Sorger, MD; Ana Maria Soto, MD; Sarkis H. Soukiasian, MD; Christiana E. Soula, RN; Julia R. Southmayd, MD; Monica Spadaro, RNC; L. Rebecca Spanagel, MD; Mark Speece, PhD; Doreen Spence, RNC; Reisa Sperling, MD; Thomas Spina, MD; Roger W. Spingarn, MD; John Spritzler, MD; Immacula St. Louis, MD; Danuta Stachiewicz, MD; Sara Stalman, MD; Claire B. Stampfer, MD; Mary A. Stanley, MD; Victoria A. Stannard, MD; Fredrick J. Stare, PhD, MD; Gayle D. Starratt, RN; Steven F. Stasheff, MD; Jennifer Staton, RN; Sally Stavolta, RN; Jan Steckel, MD; James F. Steen, MD; Michael Steer, MD; Kathleen Steger Craven, RN; Joel Stein, MD; Roger F. Steinert, MD; Theodore I. Steinman, MD; Joseph R. Stenger, MD; Jerry S. Stern, MD; Robert Stern, MD; Thomas C. Sterne, MD; Sean R. Stetson, MD; Amy C. Stevens, RNC; Barbara Stewart, MD; Elizabeth G. Stewart, MD; Jane E. Stewart, MD; Luisa C. Stigol, MD; Kenneth J. Stillman, MD; Mark Stinson, MD; Jan Stodte, RN; Alan A. Stone, MD; Harry B. Stone, MD; Scott C. Storm, PsyD; Judith Storms Kraft, RN; Steven Stovitz, MD; G. T. Stowe, MD; Sandra H. Stowe, MD; Marcia Strome, RN; Jonathan Strongin, MD; Anne Sullivan, RN; Daniel J. Sullivan, MD; Daniel M. Sullivan, MD; Patricia Anne Sullivan, RN; Edwin A. Sumpter, MD; Holly Fox Sundquist, RNC; Karen J. Swanson, MD; William H. Sweet, MD, DSc, DHC; Tomasz A. Swierkosz, MD, PhD; Michael E. Swirsky, MD; Megan Sykes, MD; Gail Sylvester; Les A. Szekely, MD; Brian R. Szetelm, MD
Al Tagliavia, MD; Geoffrey A. Talbot, MD; Suzanne N. Talbot, RN; Marianne E. Talis, RN; Luis F. Tamayo, PhD; Heng Soon Tan, MD; Gary M. Tanguay, MD; Philip E. Tarr, MD; Eileen G. Tarsky, RN; Armen H. Tashjian, Jr, MD; Paula Tatarunis, MD; Richard H. Taus, MD; Barbara Taylor, RN; Charles R. Taylor, MD; Douglas S. Taylor, MD; Jane Taylor, RN; J. Elliott Taylor, MD; Lucille Taylor, NP; Susan J. Taylor, RN; William C. Taylor, MD; Joyce R. Tedlow, MD; Luis Tejada, MD; Richard Tello, MD; William D. Temby, MD; Clare Tempany, MD; Christine Tentindo, MD; Richard Teplick, MD; Brian Tesar, MD; Ann Marie Testarmata, MD; Parvis Thaherpour, MD; Paul Thaler, MD; Elizabeth Thiele, MD; Beatrix S. Thomas, MD; H. Emerson Thomas, Jr, MD; B. Taylor Thompson, MD; Patrick M. Tibbles, MD; Giannina Tierney, MD; Richard P. Tierney, MD; Nicholas L. Tilney, MD; Deborah J. Timberlake, RN; Allison Timbrook, RN; Josephine F. Tingley, RN; Arthur S. Tischler, MD; Paula Luann Tisel, RN; Peter V. Tishler, MD; Sigrid L. Tishler, MD; Gregg L. Tolliver, MD; Aram Tomasian, MD; Mary Ann Tompkins, RN; Sara L. Toomey; Claudio O. Toppelberg, MD; Jayne Trachman, MD; Mark Jude Tramo, MD; Michael Tranfaglia, MD; Val Treloar, MD; Clement Tremple, MD; David E. Trentham, MD; Dennis F. Tresp, MD; Patricia B. Triggs, RN; Nicholas A. Tritos, MD; Phyllis J. Troia, MD; Victor Troll, MD; Scott G. Tromanhauser, MD; Robert D. Truog, MD; Jane I. Tsao, MD; Caroline Tsen, MD; Lawrence C. Tsen, MD; Kemin Tsung, MD; Kenneth K. Tucker, MD; Henry P. Tufts, MD; Elizabeth Turnock, MD; Patrick H. Tyrance, Jr, MD
Sanford W. Udis, MD; Thomas E. Ukena, MD; Catherine Ann Ultrino, RN; Joel Umlas, MD; Elliott Urdang, MD
Mary V. Vaillancourt, RN; Deborah Valenza-Glennon, RN; Mary A. Valliere, MD; Linda J. Van Marter, MD; Thomas R. Vantre, RN; Judith M. Van Sprewenburg, RN; Marcel Van den Brink, MD; Cornelia Van der Ziel, MD; George Verghese, MD; Robert J. Vergnani, MD; Benjamin Verman, MD; John P. Vermeulen, MD; T. K. Vernon, MD; Karen E. Victor, MD; Dorothy Villee, MD; Maribeth J. Virzi, RN; Patricia M. Vitale; Nancy Vitek, RN; Darlene M. Vittori, RNC; Stephen Vogel, RNC; Robert O. Voight II, MD; Robert H. Vonderheide, MD; Jill A. vonHandorf, RN; Alexis H. Voss; Stephan D. Voss, MD; Panos C. Voukydis, MD; Anna Vouros, MD
Amnon Wachman, MD; Stuart Wachter, MD; Jerry Wacks, MD; Margaret R. Wacks, MD; Walter C. Wagenknecht, MD; Janet Wager, RN; Carol A. Waldmann, MD; Judith A. Waligunda, MD; Alexander M. Walker; Catherine Walker, CMN, MPH; Paul F. Walker, MD; Michael J. Walker, FNP; Michael B. Wallace, MD; Jane Wallace, RN; Sharon Rena Wallace, RN; Gary B. Walls, PhD; Janice Walter-Ferrick, PT; Melissa Walters, PAC; David S. Walton, MD; James K. C. Wang, MD; Mitchell Wangh, MD; June Ward, RN; Rebecca H. Warner, MD; Cheryl K. Warner, MD; William E. Waterman, MD; JoAnne Waters, RNCS; Stephanie Weaver, MD; James Webster, MD; Warnie L. Webster, MD; Stephen J. Weedon, MD; Jon Erik Ween, MD; David H. Wegman, MD; Steven Weinberger, MD; Rory Weiner, PhD; Jerold M. Weiner, MD; Howard J. Weinstein, MD; Gordon C. Weir, MD; Jane A. Weir, RN; Arthur C. Weisenseel, MD; , PC Anthony Weiss, MD; Peter Weitzman, MD; George Welch, MD; Amy Wells, RN; Jodi Wenger, MD; Robert Wertzman, MD; Donald Wexler, MD; Marc A. Whaley, MD; Augustus A. White, MD; J. B. Whitney, MD; James Whynot, MD; Timothy E. Wilens, MD; Christine C. Wilkins, RN; Harold A. Wilkinson, MD; Wells Wilkinson; Walter Willett, MD; Constance L. Williams, MD; Greg Williams, MD; Tracy Williams-Sax, MD; Roberta Williamson, MD; Claire D. Wilson, MD; David Whiting Wilson, MD; Hope E. Wilson, RN; Mark M. Wilson, MD; Scott N. Wilson, MD; Carl S. Winalski, MD; Gordon D. Winchell, MD; Pamela Wine, MD; Jonathan Winickoff, MD; Jacqueline T. Winters; Alan H. Wiseman, MD; Karen Wiss, MD; Armand J. Wohl, MD; Charles I. Wohl, MD; Merrill K. Wolf, MD; Myles Wolf, MD; Judith Wolfberg, MD; M. Michael Wolfe, MD; Charles Wolff, MD; Susan Wolff, MD; Paula Carol Wolk, MD; Jack Wolper, MD; Helaine R. Wolpert, MD; Howard Wolpert, MD; Edward Wolpow, MD; Beverly Woo, MD; Bradford Johns Wood, MD; Paul Wood, MD; Sarah K. Wood, MD; Monika Woods, MD; Beverly Woodward, PhD; Tom P. Workman, MD; Peter Workum, MD; James R. Wright, MD; Mary W. Wright, RN, MS, MPH; S. Carter Wright, Jr; Hilda Wu, RN; Howard A. Wuhnie, MD
Michael B. Yaffe, MD; Yvette Yatchmink, MD, PhD; Michael W. Yogman, MD; Sue Yoon, RN, MS; Marci Yoss, MD; Geoffrey S. Young, MD; Michael C. Young, MD; Virginia R. Youngren, PhD; Mary Miller Yutzy, MD
Norma W. Zack, MD; Geraldine Zagarella, MD; Nancy A. Zappolo, RN, CCM; Cynthia P. Zara, MD; Gary M. Zartarian, MD; Lianne Zbyszyrski, MPH; Joan Zilbach, MD; William Zinn, MD; Jeffrey A. Zisk, MD; Lori Zito, MD; Laurie Zoloth-Dorfman, PhD; William J. Zucker, MD; Barry Zuckerman, MD; Paul M. Zusky, MD; Samuel Zylstra, MD
The following individuals participated in drafting this call: Joan Agretelis, RN, Jerry Avorn, MD, Charles M. Blatt, MD, Susanna E. Bedell, MD, Susan E. Bennett, MD, David H. Bor, MD, Emil Frei III, MD, Ernesto Gonzalez, MD, Suzanne Gordon, Thomas Graboys, MD, Charles Hatem, MD, David U. Himmelstein, MD, Timothy H. Holtz, MD, Barry S. Levy, MD, MPH, Bernard Lown, MD, Robert J. Master, MD, Timothy B. McCall, MD, Mitchell T. Rabkin, MD, Jeffrey Scavron, MD, John D. Stoeckle, MD, Lee Swislow, RN, John Walsh, MD, and Steffie Woolhandler, MD.
Reprints: David U. Himmelstein, MD, 1493 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02139.
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Access to Health Care; Economics, Medical; Health Services Accessibility; Managed Care Programs; POLICY PERSPECTIVES